Eficiencia portuaria y modelos de gobernanza

Programa Oficial de Doutoramento en Análise Económica e Estratexia Empresarial. 5033V01[Resumen] El transporte marítimo está fuertemente influenciado por la evolución de la economía y el comercio mundial. La actividad industrial, la producción económica, el comercio de mercancías y el transporte marítimo, crecen a diferentes velocidades, pero, en definitiva, todos estos factores dependen de la evolución de la economía mundial. Por otra parte, el desempeño logístico es uno de los factores claves en el comercio internacional, ya que, las economías con un mayor nivel de desarrollo logístico crecen más rápido, y por tanto son más competitividad y eficientes. El interés del tema radica en que permite evaluar la conveniencia de llevar a cabo nuevas inversiones en infraestructuras e instalaciones portuarias que mejoren las condiciones de vida de la población y que acrecienten la eficiencia de los puertos. En esta tesis doctoral se estiman dos modelos. En el primero, se estudian los efectos sobre el PIB per cápita de cambios en el transporte marítimo contenerizado y en un conjunto de variables socio-económicas de los países analizados utilizando datos panel y realizando las estimaciones pertinentes (efectos fijos y errores estándar corregidos para panel). Este estudio revela que el movimiento de mercancía contenerizada presenta un impacto positivo en el crecimiento del PIB per cápita (en Poder de Paridad Adquisitivo expresado en dólares constantes de 2011). El segundo modelo utilizado es un análisis de frontera estocástica, en el que se analiza los efectos provocados por la existencia de grúas pórtico y grúas móviles como factores determinantes de ineficiencia portuaria y se calcula la eficiencia técnica de cada puerto. Además, se introduce dentro de la función frontera variables como la frecuencia de escalas o los sistemas de gobernanza. Lo novedoso del análisis llevado a cabo en esta tesis se diferencia de los trabajos realizados hasta la fecha en el área geográfica que se selecciona, en la elección del periodo temporal, en centrar el estudio en la mercancía contenerizada, en la especificación de los tipo de grúas utilizadas y, por último, en la introducción de los tratados y la gobernanza portuaria.[Resumo] O transporte marítimo está fortemente influenciado pola evolución da economía e o comercio mundial. A actividade industrial, a producción económica, o comercio de mercadorías e o transporte marítimo, crecen a diferentes velocidades, pero, en definitiva todos estes factores dependen da evolución da economía mundial. Por outra banda, o desempeño loxístico é un dos factores claves no comercio internacional, xa que, as economías con un maior nivel de desenvolvemento loxístico crecen máis rápido, e por tanto son máis competitivas e eficientes. O interese do tema radica en que permite avaliar a conveniencia de levar a cabo novos investimentos en infraestructuras e instalacións portuarias que melloren as condicións de vida da poboación e que acrecenten a eficiencia dos portos. Nesta tese de doutoramento estimanse dous modelos. No primeiro, estúdanse os efectos sobre o PIB per cápita de cambios no transporte marítimo contenerizado e nun conxunto de variables socio-económicas dos países analizados utilizando datos panel e realizando as estimacións pertinentes (efectos fixos e erros estándar correxidos para panel). Este estudo revela que o movemento de mercadoría conteneriza presenta un impacto positivo no crecemento do PIB per cápita (en Poder de Paridade Adquisitivo expresado en dólares constantes de 2011). O segundo modelo empregado é unha análise de fronteira esotcástica, na que se analizan os efectos provocados pola existencia de guindastres pórtico e mobeis como factores determinantes de ineficiencia portuaria, e calculase a eficiencia técnica de cada porto. Ademáis, introdúcese dentro da función fronteira variables como a frecuencia de escalas ou os sistemas de gobernanza. O novedoso da análise levada a cabo nesta tese de doutoramento diferénciase dos traballos realizados até a data, na área xeográfica seleccionada, na elección do período temporal, en centrar o estudo na mercadoría contenerizada, na especificación dos tipos de guindastres utilizados e, por último, na introducción dos tratados e da gobernanza portuaria.[Abstract] Maritime transport is strongly influenced by the evolution of the economy and world trade. Industrial activity, economic production, merchandise trade and maritime transport grow at different speeds, but all these factors ultimately depend on the evolution of the world economy. On the other hand, logistics performance is one of the key factors in international trade, since economies with a higher level of logistics development grow faster, and therefore are more competitive and efficient. The interest of the subject is that it allows evaluating the convenience of carrying out new investments in infrastructures and port facilities that improve the living conditions of the population and the efficiency of ports. In this doctoral thesis, two models are estimated. The first studies the effects on GDP per capita of changes in containerized maritime transport and a set of socio-economic variables of the countries analyzed using panel data and making the suitable estimates (fixed effects and panel corrected standard errors). This study reveals that the movement of containerized goods has a positive impact on GDP growth per capita (in Purchasing Parity Power expressed in constant 2011 dollars). The second model used a stochastic frontier analysis, in which the effects caused by the existence of gantry cranes and mobile cranes as determinants of port inefficiency are analyzed and the technical efficiency of each port is calculated. In addition, variables such as the frequency of scales or governance systems are introduced within the boundary function. The originality of the analysis carried out in this thesis differs from the work carried out to date, in the geographical area selected, in the choice of the temporary period, in focusing the study on containerized goods, in the specification of the type of cranes used and, finally, in the introduction of trade agreements and port governance

Port-City Development: The Spanish Case

[Abstract]: The objective of this paper is to try to evaluate the port-city relationship from its onset, taking into account the challenges of port 4.0. Indicators such as the percentage of employees participating in training programs, the percentage of female employees in Galician ports, the percentage of merchandise moved by private operators and the percentage of companies with quality certification in Galician ports are evaluated. The fourth revolution is based on the transition from current fossil fuel-based energy models to alternative energy sources, changes in the logistics and transport parameters and finally, on the elimination of intermediation. The key component of the third pillar of new Economy 4.0 is complete digitalization. The optimum port-city solution must address the need of both the urban planner and the port manager to evaluate potential measures that would alleviate the pressure of dedicated port facilities on the city and vice versa to the greatest extent possible

Relationship between education level and holding a full-time or part-time employment (Portugal 2006-2016)

The 2008 economic crisis produced significant setbacks in economic growth in developed countries, and countries like Portugal, in particular, were seriously harmed. Human capital is a factor of production which provides benefits to both individuals and society and, as such, it is crucial when analysing countries’ economic revivals. This article’s goal is to carry out a study of the likelihood of being employed in Portugal between 2006 and 2016, differentiating between full-time and part-time work, according to the maximum level of study attained. The results show that individuals with higher education have a high probability of having full-time work.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Aceite de oliva y cáncer

In the last years, numerous studies have examined the association of dietary fat and cancer. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from n-6 family display a strong promoting effect, this may be partially due to the especially prone to lipid peroxidation of PUFA that leads to formation of aldehydes, which react with DNA bases, forming genotoxic exocyclic etheno(epsilon)-adducts. On the contrary, there are growing evidences that monounsaturated oils, like olive oil, may be associated with a decreased risk of some cancers. However, the epidemiological data do not fully agree with the experimental ones previously published. Minor compounds from (extra virgin) olive oil, mainly phenolics like hydroxytyrosol and tocopherol, are antioxidants and radical scavenging. They can minimize the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by fatty acid peroxidation and in the case of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) the DNA damage can be reduced by a lower lipid peroxidation.Numerosos estudios en los últimos años han determinado la existencia de una asociación entre las grasas procedentes de la dieta y el cáncer. Los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (PUFA) de la familia n -6 pueden tener efectos proliferativos y angiogénicos, lo cual se debe en parte a que son especialmente sensibles a la peroxidación lipídica, formándose aldehídos que reaccionan con las bases del ADN y por lo tanto aductos exocíclicos con propiedades genotóxicas. Por el contrario, el consumo de dietas ricas en ácidos grasos monoinsaturados (MUFA) está relacionado con un menor riesgo de distintos tipos de cáncer. Si bien, los datos epidemiológicos no siempre concuerdan con los datos experimentales. Los componentes menores del aceite de oliva (extra virgen), fundamentalmente el hidroxitirosol y tocoferol, son antioxidantes y secuestradores de radicales libres. Pueden minimizar la cantidad de especies reactivas de oxígeno que se generan por la peroxidación lipídica y además los MUFA son menos sensibles a la oxidación, por lo que se reduce el daño del ADN.The authors would like to acknowledge to the Ministry of Education and Science (ECI) of the Spanish Government for supporting this manuscript (grant AGL2001-0584). Beatriz Bermúdez and Sergio López are supported by I3P and FPU fellowships, whereas Yolanda M. Pacheco has an I3P Post-Doctoral contract from ECI.Peer reviewe

Un Análisis de la Formación Terciaria entre los Trabajadores Dependientes e Independientes: El Caso de Portugal (2006-2016)

[Resumen]: La inserción laboral de la población es un proceso complejo, que requiere la consideración de un buen número de variables y la aproximación desde múltiples niveles. Por una parte, es importante analizar este procedimiento atendiendo a las condiciones del mercado de trabajo y a las características de los individuos que configuran el capital humano existente en cada país. Portugal ha experimentado en el periodo de 2006 a 2016 un proceso de crisis económica (2008), que provoca en 2011 la intervención de la Unión Europea. A pesar de todo, en este contexto donde la situación socio-económica se ve perjudicada la recuperación se hace latente y se ha conseguido mantener la senda de crecimiento, que ha repercutido en los niveles educativos y en la inserción laboral. El objetivo principal de esta investigación es analizar los niveles de educación terciaria alcanzados por la población ocupada en el periodo 2006 a 2016, diferenciando entre trabajadores contratados por cuenta ajena (dependientes) o por cuenta propia (independientes).[Abstract]: The labor insertion of the population is a complex process, which requires the consideration of a good number of variables and the approach from multiple levels. On the one hand, it is important to analyze this procedure according to the conditions of the labor market and the characteristics of the individuals that make up the existing human capital in each country. Portugal has experienced in the period from 2006 to 2016 a process of economic crisis (2008), which provoked in 2011 the intervention of the European Union. In spite of everything, in this context where the socio-economic situation is impaired, the recovery becomes latent and the growth path has been maintained, which has had an impact on educational levels and labor insertion. The main objective of this research is to analyze the levels of tertiary education reached by the employed population in the period 2006 to 2016, differentiating between workers hired by third parties (dependents) or self-employed (independent).[Sumário]: A inserção laboral da população é um processo complexo, que requer a consideração de um bom número de variáveis e a abordagem de múltiplos níveis. Por um lado, é importante analisar esse procedimento de acordo com as condições do mercado de trabalho e as características dos indivíduos que compõem o capital humano existente em cada país. Portugal experimentou no período de 2006 a 2016 um processo de crise económica (2008), que provocou em 2011 a intervenção da União Europeia. Apesar de tudo, neste contexto em que a situação socioeconômica é prejudicada, a recuperação torna-se latente e a trajetória de crescimento se mantém, o que impactou os níveis educacionais e a inserção do trabalho. O principal objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar os níveis de ensino superior atingidos pela população ocupada no período de 2006 a 2016, diferenciando entre trabalhadores contratados por terceiros (dependentes) ou autônomos (independentes)

Dietary fatty acids and lipoproteins on progression of age-related macular degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a medical condition of central loss vision and blindness. Numerous studies have revealed that changes on certain dietary fatty acids (FAs) could have useful for AMD management. This review summarizes the effects of dietary omega-3 long-chain PUFAs, MUFAs, and SFAs, and lipoproteins on AMD. Findings are consistent with the beneficial role of dietary omega-3 long-chain PUFAs, while the effects of dietary MUFAs and SFAs appeared to be ambiguous with respect to the possible protection from MUFAs and to the possible adverse impact from SFAs on AMD. Some of the pathological mechanisms associated with lipoproteins on AMD share those observed previously in cardiovascular diseases. It was also noticed that the effects of FAs in the diet and lipoprotein on AMD could be modulated by genetic variants. From a population health perspective, the findings of this review are in favour of omega-3 long-chain FAs recommendations in a preventive and therapeutic regimen to attain lower AMD occurrence and progression rates. Additional long-term and short-term nutrigenomic studies are required to clearly establish the role and the relevance of interaction of dietary FAs, lipoproteins, and genes in the genesis and progression of AMD

Progress on lanthanide-based organic–inorganic hybrid phosphors

Research on organic–inorganic hybrid materials containing trivalent lanthanide ions (Ln3+) is a very active field that has rapidly shifted in the last couple of years to the development of eco-friendly, versatile and multifunctional systems, stimulated by the challenging requirements of technological applications spanning domains as diverse as optics, environment, energy, and biomedicine. This tutorial review offers a general overview of the myriad of advanced Ln3+-based organic–inorganic hybrid materials recently synthesised, which may be viewed as a major innovation in areas of phosphors, lighting, integrated optics and optical telecommunications, solar cells, and biomedicin

Niacin and olive oil promote skewing to the M2 phenotype in bone marrow-derived macrophages of mice with metabolic syndrome

21 Páginas; 3 Figuras; 2 TablasMetabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with obesity, dyslipemia, type 2 diabetes and chronic low-grade inflammation. The aim of this study was to determine the role of high-fat low-cholesterol diets (HFLCDs) rich in SFAs (HFLCD-SFAs), MUFAs (HFLCD-MUFAs) or MUFAs plus omega-3 long-chain PUFAs (HFLCD-PUFAs) on polarisation and inflammatory potential in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from niacin (NA)-treated Lepob/obLDLR−/− mice. Animals fed with HFLCD-SFAs had increased weight and serum triglycerides, and their BMDMs accumulated triglycerides over the animals fed with HFLCD-MUFAs or -PUFAs. Furthermore, BMDMs from animals fed with HFLCD-SFAs were polarised towards the M1 phenotype with functional competence to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, whereas BMDMs from animals fed with HFLCD-MUFAs or -PUFAs were skewed to the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. These findings open opportunities for developing novel nutritional strategies with olive oil as the most important dietary source of MUFAs (notably oleic acid) to prevent development and progression of metabolic complications in the NA-treated MetS.This study was supported by research Grant AGL2011-29008 (Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, MICINN). S. M. has the benefit of an FPI fellowship (BES-2012-056104) of MICINN. B. B. and S. L. acknowledge financial support from “V Own Research Plan” (University of Seville) and the Spanish Research Council (CSIC)/Juan de la Cierva, respectively.Peer reviewe

Olive oil and postprandial hyperlipidemia: implications for atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome

42 Páginas; 4 Tablas; 6 FigurasOlive oil is the primary source of fat in the Mediterranean diet, which is associated with a significant improvement in health status, as measured by reduced mortality from several chronic diseases. The current pandemic of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes is intimately associated with an atherogenic dyslipidemic phenotype. The core components of the dyslipidemia of the metabolic syndrome, which most likely initiate atherosclerosis, are the “lipid triad” consisting of high plasma triglycerides, low levels of high-density lipoproteins, and a preponderance of small, dense low-density lipoproteins at fasting. However, postprandial (non-fasting) TGs (postprandial hyperlipidemia) are also recognized as an important component for atherosclerosis. Herein, the purpose of this review was to provide an update on the effects and mechanisms related to olive oil on postprandial hyperlipidemia and its implications for the onset and progression of atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome.This study was supported by research Grant AGL2011-29008 (Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, MICINN). S. M. has the benefit of a FPI fellowship (BES-2012-056104) of MICINN. B. B. and S. L. acknowledge financial support from “V Own Research Plan” (University of Seville) and the Spanish Research Council (CSIC)/Juan de la Cierva, respectively.Peer reviewe

Dietary fatty acids and vitamin B3: an effective treatment strategy for the metabolic syndrome?

The metabolic syndrome (MS) may be defined as the constellation of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors that comprises obesity, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Recent evidences suggest that, primarily due to its high monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) content, olive oil and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) could be useful as a dietary approach for MS management, with relevance in the postprandial state. Vitamin B3, as a major substrate for nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), also constitutes a nutritional intervention strategy for the treatment of MS. NAMPT has been shown to exert activities of central importance to cellular energetics and innate immunity. Within the cell, NAMPT is the rate-limiting step in a salvage pathway of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) biosynthesis. NAMPT has been shown to correlate with triglycerides in the fasting plasma, and a potential regulatory role for fatty acids on NAMPT expression has been proposed. Whether different dietary fatty acids, including olive oil as a source of MUFA, play a role in NAMPT excursions and in the NAMPT-dependent regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism and inflammation states remains to be solved. In general, the mechanisms that alter NAD+ metabolism probably include multiple processes, but the understandings of these mechanisms are currently very unclear and a considerable effort in this area is required before we know how changes in NAD+ metabolism influence physiology of glucose and lipid metabolism and how NAD+ metabolism might be manipulated for healing benefit by specific dietary fatty acids as a therapeutic treatment for MS.Peer Reviewe